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reform results, e
conomy, a
nd
politi
cal system, a
nd
cult
ure system, a
nd socia
l system, and di
sci
pline check sy
stem, and party of constructi
on
system reform soli
d advance, tax, a
nd financial, and pri
ce, a
nd a
dministrative a
ppr
oval, and State-owne
d enter
prise
s, and ecol
ogical
civilizati
on, im
portant
field and key link reform made major pr
ogress, market in re
sources
configuration in t
he of decisiv
e role significa
ntly enhanced,
Unprece
dente
d burst of moment
um and vitality of ec
onomic a
nd socia
l devel
opme
nt.
XI General Secretary's
spe
ech in t
his regard i
ncl
ude the reform only w
hen t
here
is no
com
plete, the
cisi
ons of the
CPC Ce
ntral Committee on some major
probl
ems in
dee
peni
ng reform > notes on the
18 se
ssi
on of i
deas i
nto the
party's spirit of the reforms more
difficult to move for
ward, t
he increasi
ng use of the S
ocial
ist system with
Chi
nese
characteristi
cs such as the a
bility to run the
countr
y. 4.
with regard t
o prom
oting sustained a
nd
healthy e
conomi
c devel
opme
nt. Face
complex
cha
ngeable
of internati
onal situation and difficult heavy of domestic reform development stable task, XI Ge
neral Secretary made Chi
na e
conomic
development i
nto ne
w normal of scie
nce judge, pr
oposed i
nnovation, and coordi
nation, and green, and open,
nd
share
d five big devel
opme
nt conce
pt, implementati
on macr
o policy to sta
bilit
y, and industry
poli
cy to associate
, and micro
poli
cy to live, a
nd reform policy to real
, and social policy t
o ba
cking five big
pillar sex
poli
cy, vigor
ously advance supply si
de structural reform, ne
w concept, a
chieve
d ha
s 2013 t
o 2015
duri
ng, Domestic
production total a
nnual growth
7.3%,
obvi
ously f
ast Yu e
arlier worl
d economic 2.3% of annual gr
owth,
on w
orld e
conomi
c growth
of contribution over 25%
, tertiary industry accounte
d for domesti
c pr
oduction total share over 50%, event
ually consumpti
on
on e
conomic gr
owth
of contr
ibuti
on rate rea
ched 66%, e
co
nomic
struct
ure adjustment ma
de importa
nt progre
ss, development of quality and be
nefits sig
nificantly
upgrade
, Chi
na e
conomic
show out huge
of swing r
oom and br
oad of development pr
ospects.
This aspects
XI Ge
neral Se
cretary of spe
ech main including e
conom
c growth m
ust is real a
nd
no water of growt
h improve
open type
economi
c level "see missing
of hand" and "se
e have see of ha
nd" a
re to with good spee
d up from elements dr
ive, and investment
scale
drive dev
elopment mainly to t
o innovation drive
development mainly
of cha
nge a
ctive promote
d China e
nergy pr
oduction and consumpti
on revol
ution,. 5. with regard t
o buildi
ng the r
ule of
law i
n Chi
na. 18 big yilai,
Central tightly around full adva
nce la
w ruli
ng, put party of led,
and
pe
ople masters, and law ruli
ng organi
c unified up, i
nsiste
d law ruli
ng, and law r
uling, a
nd la
w admini
strative common advance, i
nsiste
d rule
of law national, a
nd r
ule of law Governme
nt, and rule
of law social one constructi
on, full advance science l
egislation, a
nd stri
ctly law enfor
cement, a
nd just judici
al, and universal law
-abi
ding
, Chi
na features
socialist
legal system further sound perfect, l
eaders at all leve
ls ca
dres using rul
e of law thi
nking and rul
e of law way dee
pening reform, and
romoted
devel
opment,
and
The a
bility to resolve confli
cts and consta
ntly improve,
our ... 6.
on t
he buildi
ng of Socialist
culture
in China. A countr
y, a nation
strong
, always supported
by culture flourished, t
he inheritance a
nd
development of
civilization, wit
hout culture to
develop and pr
osper, t
here will
be no realizati
on of the dream of China. 18
big yilai,
XI Ge
neral Se
cretary around "foster a
nd pr
omote Socialist
core val
ues" "promote
Chi
na excelle
nt traditional culture" "firmly master ideol
ogy work le
d right a
nd discourse right", aspects
do
has series important spee
ch, mai
n including put publicity t
houg
ht work
do
have better for a
chieve
d China
dream conde
nse
d powerful moral
support improve
national culture soft strength foster a
nd
promote S
ociali
st core val
ues y
outh t
o consciously
practice line S
ociali
st core values
Chil
dhood a
ctively cultivate and
practi
ce the
core val
ues
of socia
lism and the
party's important speech
on the
press
conference. 7.
promote t
he reform and
devel
opment
of
socia
l undertaki
ngs and social ma
nagement. 18
big yilai, Central insisted
put g
uarantee
s and improve
d liveli
hood as ruli
ng acti
ng pol
itical
of starting point a
nd foothol
d,
Xia big
pneumatic
sol
ution masses m
ost care
most dir
ectly most rea
lity of interests
problem, 3 years
cum
ulative reducti
on
pov
erty more than
50
million people, e
quivale
nt to a me
dium nati
onal
populati
on
of total, annua
l added town em
ployment m
ore tha
n 10 milli
on
people,
starts constr
uction supporta
bility housi
ng e
ngineeri
ng near 4 milli
on sets, built w
orld S
hang scale maximum, a
nd
cover
universal
of ba
sic me
dical guarantees
netw
ork and pe
nsi
on g
uarantees
netw
ork, ur
ban a
nd r
ural resi
dents i
ncome conti
nue
d growth, The
lives of
the pe
ople
of all ethnic gr
oups have m
ore on both material a
nd
spiritual thrivi
ng.
This aspects
XI
General S
ecretary of spee
ch mai
n including
promote
d poverty area povert
y, and speed
up
devel
opment l
et 1.3
billion people e
njoys
better more fair of educat
on
spee
d up adva
nce
housi
ng
guarantees a
nd supply
system constr
uction alway
s put pe
ople
life se
curity put in first bit efforts put China
construction became
network
power insisted g
eneral
national se
curity vi
ews, g
o China feature
s nati
onal
se
curity roa
d ef
fective mainte
nance
national se
curity a
nd social settled,.
8. wit
h re
gard to compre
hensive strictly a
dministeri
ng the party.
Party
of 18 big y
ilai,
Central stati
on i
n party a
nd
national survival of
height, firmly grasp strengt
heni
ng party
of ruli
ng ca
pacity
construction, and adva
nce
d
purity constructi
on t
his arti
cle mai
nline, to style
construction for bre
akthrough, t
o develope
d
intr
oduce
d eight items provi
des
started start,
put
discipli
ne a
nd r
ules i
s in front, orga
nization carri
ed
out
has party of mass li
ne e
ducation pra
ctice a
ctivities a
nd "t
hree stri
ct three real" t
opi
c educati
on, i
nsiste
d "zero t
olerance, a
nd f
ull cover, a
nd
no area", insisted "T
iger" "flies" with pl
aying, style
politi
cal wi
nd
society continued improve
d, M
ore perfect system of law
s withi
n the part
y, di
sci
pline
of
authoritative seriousness i
ncreasing, for the
history
of winni
ng ha
s a lot of new feature
s provi
de a strong political
第四节
个案研究的效度与信度
信度与效度是个案研究受人争议之所在,
也是评价个案研究品质之所在。
如何保证和提高个
案研究的信度与效度,
不能用传统的量化处理的手段来分析和判断个案研究的确信程度,
而应采
取新的标准与新的方法。
一、内在效度
内在效度处理的问题是研究者的发现与事实相符合的程度,
即研究结果是不是真的捕捉到事
实的真相和本事,
真的观察到他们想要的东西。
要提高个案研究的效度,
一般采取以下五种措施:
1
.三角检定法
运用多元的搜集资料方式,包括不同的资料来源(报章、官方文件、会议记录)
,访谈不同
的人员(如教师、行政人员、学者专家)
,及采用不同资料的搜集方法(如访谈、观察、非正式
讨论)
,来相互验证资料与实施的相符程度。
2
.研究对象的检核
在访谈和观察之后,
研究者与被研究者讨论文稿及札记,
最后的研究报告也请他们提供返馈
建议,以确认能掌握被研究者所提供的经验和想法。
3
.持续的观察
与被研究者建立信任、
学习与合作的文化,
在交往与研究中不断检视可能由研究者或研究对
象所造成的误报或失真的介绍。
4
.外在的审查
聘请具有个案研究知识与经验的专家进行审查,
审查者应与这个研究无关,
要审查研究的过
程、诠释与结论,评断他们的正确性。
5
.澄清研究者的偏见
在研究一开始的时候先澄清研究者自己的假设、
世界观和理论导向,
这是非常重要的,
藉此
读者了解研究者的观点、任何偏见或可能影响研究的假定。
二、外在效度
外在效度关心的是研究结果可应用到其它情境中的程度。
个案研究的目的在深入了解一个特
殊的例子而不是了解一般人共有的状况,
因此,
我们不能从单一的个案中作一般性的推论,
这是
个案研究的局限性之所在。
但是,
个案研究不仅能够为我们解决个别问题提供理论的视角与方法,
而且也可为其它事件的发展和问题的解决提供借鉴和启发,
因此,
有学者提出个案研究的外在效
度不能用量化的可推广性来评价,而应用可转换性(
transferability
)来代替,并透过提供丰
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