【转载】对Json进行处理的Google Gson API教程
发布日期:2021-07-16 18:25:59 浏览次数:1 分类:技术文章

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对Json进行处理的Google Gson API教程

    在上一篇文章中,我们已经接触了,你很容易就会发现,它并不容易使用,无论你是否必须将JSON转换为Java对象,或者其他需求,你都需要写上很多与目标JSON结构高度耦合的代码。

    这也是为什么我开始留意其他能做到自行转换格式的API,Gson映入了我的眼帘。Gson是开源的,并已被广泛应用于JSON和Java中,Gson使用,提供了诸多易于使用的方式将JSON转换为Java,反之亦然。

    你可以从下载到Gson的jar文件,或者如果你正在使用maven,那么你所需要做的所有事情仅仅是添加以下依赖。

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<
dependencies
>
    
<!--  Gson dependency -->
    
<
dependency
>
      
<
groupId
>com.google.code.gson</
groupId
>
      
<
artifactId
>gson</
artifactId
>
      
<
version
>2.2.4</
version
>
    
</
dependency
>
</
dependencies
>

Gson是非常强大的API,它支持Java泛型,支持现成的JSON与Java对象的转换,只要对象的成员名称与JSON中的一致即可。如果针对Java bean和JSON要使用不同的名称,那么可以使用@SerializedName注解来映射JSON和Java类中的变量。

我们来看一个复杂示例,在JSON中含有嵌套对象以及数组,我们要将其映射到Java bean的属性(List、Map、Array类型等)中。

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{
  
"empID"
: 100,
  
"name"
:
"David"
,
  
"permanent"
:
false
,
  
"address"
: {
    
"street"
:
"BTM 1st Stage"
,
    
"city"
:
"Bangalore"
,
    
"zipcode"
: 560100
  
},
  
"phoneNumbers"
: [
    
123456,
    
987654
  
],
  
"role"
:
"Manager"
,
  
"cities"
: [
    
"Los Angeles"
,
    
"New York"
  
],
  
"properties"
: {
    
"age"
:
"28 years"
,
    
"salary"
:
"1000 Rs"
  
}
}

    建立Java bean类,将JSON转换为Java对象。

    Employee.java

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package
com.journaldev.json.model;
 
import
java.util.Arrays;
import
java.util.List;
import
java.util.Map;
 
import
com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName;
 
public
class
Employee {
 
    
@SerializedName
(
"empID"
)
    
private
int
id;
    
private
String name;
    
private
boolean
permanent;
    
private
Address address;
    
private
long
[] phoneNumbers;
    
private
String role;
    
private
List<String> cities;
    
private
Map<String, String> properties;
 
    
public
int
getId() {
        
return
id;
    
}
    
public
void
setId(
int
id) {
        
this
.id = id;
    
}
    
public
String getName() {
        
return
name;
    
}
    
public
void
setName(String name) {
        
this
.name = name;
    
}
    
public
boolean
isPermanent() {
        
return
permanent;
    
}
    
public
void
setPermanent(
boolean
permanent) {
        
this
.permanent = permanent;
    
}
    
public
Address getAddress() {
        
return
address;
    
}
    
public
void
setAddress(Address address) {
        
this
.address = address;
    
}
    
public
long
[] getPhoneNumbers() {
        
return
phoneNumbers;
    
}
    
public
void
setPhoneNumbers(
long
[] phoneNumbers) {
        
this
.phoneNumbers = phoneNumbers;
    
}
    
public
String getRole() {
        
return
role;
    
}
    
public
void
setRole(String role) {
        
this
.role = role;
    
}
 
    
@Override
    
public
String toString(){
        
StringBuilder sb =
new
StringBuilder();
        
sb.append(
"***** Employee Details *****n"
);
        
sb.append(
"ID="
+getId()+
"n"
);
        
sb.append(
"Name="
+getName()+
"n"
);
        
sb.append(
"Permanent="
+isPermanent()+
"n"
);
        
sb.append(
"Role="
+getRole()+
"n"
);
        
sb.append(
"Phone Numbers="
+Arrays.toString(getPhoneNumbers())+
"n"
);
        
sb.append(
"Address="
+getAddress()+
"n"
);
        
sb.append(
"Cities="
+Arrays.toString(getCities().toArray())+
"n"
);
        
sb.append(
"Properties="
+getProperties()+
"n"
);
        
sb.append(
"*****************************"
);
 
        
return
sb.toString();
    
}
    
public
List<String> getCities() {
        
return
cities;
    
}
    
public
void
setCities(List<String> cities) {
        
this
.cities = cities;
    
}
    
public
Map<String, String> getProperties() {
        
return
properties;
    
}
    
public
void
setProperties(Map<String, String> properties) {
        
this
.properties = properties;
    
}
}

   Address.java

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package
com.journaldev.json.model;
 
public
class
Address {
 
    
private
String street;
    
private
String city;
    
private
int
zipcode;
 
    
public
String getStreet() {
        
return
street;
    
}
    
public
void
setStreet(String street) {
        
this
.street = street;
    
}
    
public
String getCity() {
        
return
city;
    
}
    
public
void
setCity(String city) {
        
this
.city = city;
    
}
    
public
int
getZipcode() {
        
return
zipcode;
    
}
    
public
void
setZipcode(
int
zipcode) {
        
this
.zipcode = zipcode;
    
}
 
    
@Override
    
public
String toString(){
        
return
getStreet() +
", "
+getCity()+
", "
+getZipcode();
    
}
}

    下面是Java程序,展示了如何将JSON转换为Java对象,反之亦然。

    EmployeeGsonExample.java

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package
com.journaldev.json.gson;
 
import
java.io.IOException;
import
java.nio.file.Files;
import
java.nio.file.Paths;
import
java.util.ArrayList;
import
java.util.HashMap;
import
java.util.List;
import
java.util.Map;
 
import
com.google.gson.Gson;
import
com.google.gson.GsonBuilder;
import
com.journaldev.json.model.Address;
import
com.journaldev.json.model.Employee;
 
public
class
EmployeeGsonExample {
 
    
public
static
void
main(String[] args)
throws
IOException {
        
Employee emp = createEmployee();
 
        
// Get Gson object
        
Gson gson =
new
GsonBuilder().setPrettyPrinting().create();
 
        
// read JSON file data as String
        
String fileData =
new
String(Files.readAllBytes(Paths
                
.get(
"employee.txt"
)));
 
        
// parse json string to object
        
Employee emp1 = gson.fromJson(fileData, Employee.
class
);
 
        
// print object data
        
System.out.println(
"nnEmployee Objectnn"
+ emp1);
 
        
// create JSON String from Object
        
String jsonEmp = gson.toJson(emp);
        
System.out.print(jsonEmp);
 
    
}
 
    
public
static
Employee createEmployee() {
 
        
Employee emp =
new
Employee();
        
emp.setId(
100
);
        
emp.setName(
"David"
);
        
emp.setPermanent(
false
);
        
emp.setPhoneNumbers(
new
long
[] {
123456
,
987654
});
        
emp.setRole(
"Manager"
);
 
        
Address add =
new
Address();
        
add.setCity(
"Bangalore"
);
        
add.setStreet(
"BTM 1st Stage"
);
        
add.setZipcode(
560100
);
        
emp.setAddress(add);
 
        
List<String> cities =
new
ArrayList<String>();
        
cities.add(
"Los Angeles"
);
        
cities.add(
"New York"
);
        
emp.setCities(cities);
 
        
Map<String, String> props =
new
HashMap<String, String>();
        
props.put(
"salary"
,
"1000 Rs"
);
        
props.put(
"age"
,
"28 years"
);
        
emp.setProperties(props);
 
        
return
emp;
    
}
}

Gson是主类,它暴露出fromJson()和toJson()方法进行转换工作,对于默认实现,可以直接创建对象,也可以使用GsonBuilder类提供的实用选项进行转换,比如整齐打印,字段命名转换,排除字段,日期格式化,等等。

当运行以上程序时,可以看到以下Java对象的输出。

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Employee Object
 
***** Employee Details *****
ID=100
Name=David
Permanent=
false
Role=Manager
Phone Numbers=[123456, 987654]
Address=BTM 1st Stage, Bangalore, 560100
Cities=[Los Angeles, New York]
Properties={age=28 years, salary=1000 Rs}
*****************************

    你可以看到,使用Gson是多么的容易,这就是为什么它在JSON处理方面如此风靡。

    以上的JSON处理方式是我们所熟知的对象模型,因为整个JSON被一次性的转换为对象了,在大多数情况下这足够了,然而如果JSON确实非常庞大,我们不想将其全部一次性置入内存,Gson也提供了Streaming API。

    我们来看一个例子,它展示了如何使用Streaming API进行JSON到Java对象的转换。

    EmployeeGsonReader.java
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package
com.journaldev.json.gson;
 
import
java.io.FileInputStream;
import
java.io.IOException;
import
java.io.InputStream;
import
java.io.InputStreamReader;
import
java.util.ArrayList;
import
java.util.HashMap;
import
java.util.List;
 
import
com.google.gson.stream.JsonReader;
import
com.google.gson.stream.JsonToken;
import
com.journaldev.json.model.Address;
import
com.journaldev.json.model.Employee;
 
public
class
EmployeeGsonReader {
 
    
public
static
void
main(String[] args)
throws
IOException {
        
InputStream is =
new
FileInputStream(
"employee.txt"
);
        
InputStreamReader isr =
new
InputStreamReader(is);
 
        
//create JsonReader object
        
JsonReader reader =
new
JsonReader(isr);
 
        
//create objects
        
Employee emp =
new
Employee();
        
Address add =
new
Address();
        
emp.setAddress(add);
        
List<Long> phoneNums =
new
ArrayList<Long>();
        
emp.setCities(
new
ArrayList<String>());
        
emp.setProperties(
new
HashMap<String, String>());
        
String key =
null
;
        
boolean
insidePropertiesObj=
false
;
 
        
key = parseJSON(reader, emp, phoneNums, key, insidePropertiesObj);
 
        
long
[] nums =
new
long
[phoneNums.size()];
        
int
index =
0
;
        
for
(Long l :phoneNums){
            
nums[index++] = l;
        
}
        
emp.setPhoneNumbers(nums);
 
        
reader.close();
        
//print employee object
        
System.out.println(
"Employee Objectnn"
+emp);
    
}
 
    
private
static
String parseJSON(JsonReader reader, Employee emp,
            
List<Long> phoneNums, String key,
boolean
insidePropertiesObj)
throws
IOException {
 
        
//loop to read all tokens
                
while
(reader.hasNext()){
                    
//get next token
                    
JsonToken token = reader.peek();
 
                    
switch
(token){
                    
case
BEGIN_OBJECT:
                        
reader.beginObject();
                        
if
(
"address"
.equals(key) ||
"properties"
.equals(key)){
                            
while
(reader.hasNext()){
                            
parseJSON(reader, emp,phoneNums, key, insidePropertiesObj);
                            
}
                            
reader.endObject();
                        
}
                        
break
;
                    
case
END_OBJECT:
                        
reader.endObject();
                        
if
(insidePropertiesObj) insidePropertiesObj=
false
;
                        
break
;
                    
case
BEGIN_ARRAY:
                        
reader.beginArray();
                        
if
(
"phoneNumbers"
.equals(key) ||
"cities"
.equals(key)){
                            
while
(reader.hasNext()){
                                
parseJSON(reader, emp,phoneNums, key, insidePropertiesObj);
                                
}
                            
reader.endArray();
                        
}
                        
break
;
                    
case
END_ARRAY:
                        
reader.endArray();
                        
break
;
                    
case
NAME:
                        
key = reader.nextName();
                        
if
(
"properties"
.equals(key)) insidePropertiesObj=
true
;
                        
break
;
                    
case
BOOLEAN:
                        
if
(
"permanent"
.equals(key)) emp.setPermanent(reader.nextBoolean());
                        
else
{
                            
System.out.println(
"Unknown item found with key="
+key);
                            
//skip value to ignore it
                            
reader.skipValue();
                        
}
                        
break
;
                    
case
NUMBER:
                        
if
(
"empID"
.equals(key)) emp.setId(reader.nextInt());
                        
else
if
(
"phoneNumbers"
.equals(key)) phoneNums.add(reader.nextLong());
                        
else
if
(
"zipcode"
.equals(key)) emp.getAddress().setZipcode(reader.nextInt());
                        
else
{
                            
System.out.println(
"Unknown item found with key="
+key);
                            
//skip value to ignore it
                            
reader.skipValue();
                        
}
                        
break
;
                    
case
STRING:
                        
setStringValues(emp, key, reader.nextString(), insidePropertiesObj);
                        
break
;
                    
case
NULL:
                        
System.out.println(
"Null value for key"
+key);
                        
reader.nextNull();
                        
break
;
                    
case
END_DOCUMENT:
                        
System.out.println(
"End of Document Reached"
);
                        
break
;
                    
default
:
                        
System.out.println(
"This part will never execute"
);
                        
break
;
 
                    
}
                
}
                
return
key;
    
}
 
    
private
static
void
setStringValues(Employee emp, String key,
            
String value,
boolean
insidePropertiesObj) {
        
if
(
"name"
.equals(key)) emp.setName(value);
        
else
if
(
"role"
.equals(key)) emp.setRole(value);
        
else
if
(
"cities"
.equals(key)) emp.getCities().add(value);
        
else
if
(
"street"
.equals(key)) emp.getAddress().setStreet(value);
        
else
if
(
"city"
.equals(key)) emp.getAddress().setCity(value);
        
else
{
            
//add to emp properties map
            
if
(insidePropertiesObj){
                
emp.getProperties().put(key, value);
            
}
else
{
                
System.out.println(
"Unknown data found with key="
+key+
" value="
+value);
            
}
 
        
}
    
}
 
}

    由于JSON是一个递归语言(译注:JSON本身并不是“语言”,而是一种表示方法),我们也需要针对数组和嵌套对象递归地调用解析方法。JsonToken是JsonReader中next()方法所返回的Java枚举类型,我们可以用其配合条件逻辑或switch case语句进行转换工作。根据以上代码,你应该能够理解这不是一个简单的实现,如果JSON确实非常复杂,那么代码将会变得极难维护,所以要避免使用这种方式,除非没有其他出路。

    我们来看一下如何使用Gson Streaming API写出Employee对象。

    EmployeeGsonWriter.java
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package
com.journaldev.json.gson;
 
import
java.io.IOException;
import
java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import
java.util.Set;
 
import
com.google.gson.stream.JsonWriter;
import
com.journaldev.json.model.Employee;
 
public
class
EmployeeGsonWriter {
 
    
public
static
void
main(String[] args)
throws
IOException {
        
Employee emp = EmployeeGsonExample.createEmployee();
 
        
//writing on console, we can initialize with FileOutputStream to write to file
        
OutputStreamWriter out =
new
OutputStreamWriter(System.out);
        
JsonWriter writer =
new
JsonWriter(out);
        
//set indentation for pretty print
        
writer.setIndent(
"t"
);
        
//start writing
        
writer.beginObject();
//{
        
writer.name(
"id"
).value(emp.getId());
// "id": 123
        
writer.name(
"name"
).value(emp.getName());
// "name": "David"
        
writer.name(
"permanent"
).value(emp.isPermanent());
// "permanent": false
        
writer.name(
"address"
).beginObject();
// "address": {
            
writer.name(
"street"
).value(emp.getAddress().getStreet());
// "street": "BTM 1st Stage"
            
writer.name(
"city"
).value(emp.getAddress().getCity());
// "city": "Bangalore"
            
writer.name(
"zipcode"
).value(emp.getAddress().getZipcode());
// "zipcode": 560100
            
writer.endObject();
// }
        
writer.name(
"phoneNumbers"
).beginArray();
// "phoneNumbers": [
            
for
(
long
num : emp.getPhoneNumbers()) writer.value(num);
//123456,987654
            
writer.endArray();
// ]
        
writer.name(
"role"
).value(emp.getRole());
// "role": "Manager"
        
writer.name(
"cities"
).beginArray();
// "cities": [
            
for
(String c : emp.getCities()) writer.value(c);
//"Los Angeles","New York"
            
writer.endArray();
// ]
        
writer.name(
"properties"
).beginObject();
//"properties": {
            
Set<String> keySet = emp.getProperties().keySet();
            
for
(String key : keySet) writer.name(
"key"
).value(emp.getProperties().get(key));
//"age": "28 years","salary": "1000 Rs"
            
writer.endObject();
// }
        
writer.endObject();
// }
 
        
writer.flush();
 
        
//close writer
        
writer.close();
 
    
}
 
}

    从Java对象到JSON的转换,与使用streaming API解析相比,相对容易一些,默认情况下JsonWriter会以一种紧凑的格式写入JSON,但也可以设置缩进进行整齐打印。

    这就是Gson API演示教程的所有内容,如果你遇到任何问题,请告诉我。以下链接可以下载项目,你可以玩一玩Gson提供的多种选项。

原文链接: 
 翻译: 

译文链接: 

转载请保留原文出处、译者和译文链接。
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初次前来,多多关照!
[***.217.46.12]2024年04月14日 22时41分37秒